Principles of greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Principles of The Transition Companies By: Henry White
The emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere results in the warming up of the surface of a planet. This process is called the greenhouse effect. In other words, certain gases in the atmosphere trap the solar energy so that the earth experiences a considerable rise in temperature. These gases include carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, nitrous oxide etc. and they are known as green house gases. The absence of these gases will make the heat escape back into the space which will make life on earth impossible. Green houses make use of this mechanism.
Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter. Most green houses resemble a small glass house. Here, it is the glass panel that plays the role of the greenhouse gases. The glass panels of a greenhouse allows the entrance of solar energy in the form of heat and light, but won’t let it escape. This raises the temperature inside the glass house and provides suitable atmosphere for the growth of the plants inside.
In the case of atmosphere, our earth receives energy from the sun. Once absorbed, this energy is sent back to the atmosphere. While doing so, a major portion of the energy gets absorbed by the greenhouse gases and warms up our planet. Green house effect, if enhanced considerably too can deny existence as it would heat up the earth than usual.
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August 13 2009 | Greenhouse Principles of The Transition Companies | Comments Off
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
The Transition Companies and Global Warming By Raguraman Gurusamy.
The gases that absorb radiation are called greenhouse gases. The greenhouse gases include the gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, or water vapor that contribute to the warming of the atmosphere of the Earth by reflecting radiation from the surface of the Earth. They keep the Earth warm. They naturally exist in the atmosphere, heating the atmosphere of the Earth by trapping energy that originally comes from the Sun. Due to this, the temperature of the Earth increases. This is known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse gases play the vital role in raising the temperature of the Earth. If the greenhouse gases are not there on the surface of the Earth, the Earth would be as cold as the surface of the Moon. The temperature would be around -18 degree Celsius. Actually, the characteristic surface temperature of the Earth is around 15 degree Celsius. It is now worried that the warming effects are being lamentably increased, inducing climate changes and melting of polar icecaps.
All the countries are keenly watching the warming effect. Almost all the countries are taking effort to measure the climatic changes taking places in the globe; however, the measurement is clearly showing that the global climate is keep on changing. In the past 100 years, the atmosphere of the Earth has warmed up by about half a degree Celsius. In addition, during this time human beings have also been released extra greenhouse gases. These gases have been produced as a result of burning the fossil fuels like coal, gas, and oil.
It is evident that the artificial emissions of greenhouse gases, by the activity of increased use of fossil fuels, are accountable for some of the warming of the global climate during the 20th century. The additional greenhouse gases present in the atmosphere absorb more energy and consequently increase the greenhouse effect. Due to this, the global temperature can raise further.
Besides by burning the fossil fuels, the greenhouse gases have also produced by the exhausts of motor vehicles. The destruction of rain forests is also responsible for the release of carbon dioxide, which in turn causes global warming. There are also many other natural ways by which the climate can be changed. The gases released from active volcanoes mix with the water vapor present in the air to create aerosols, and cool the atmosphere. The changes in the energy of the Sun and the flow of the ocean also affect the climate of the Earth. If the Earth keeps on to warm as predicted by the climate models, the temperature of the surface of the Earth may be three degree Celsius warmer than the current temperature by the year 2100. Due to this sudden change in the temperature, many ecosystems would get affected; which in turn affects many species of animals and plants.
The Transition Companies and Global Warming
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August 13 2009 | The Transition Companies and Global Warming | Comments Off
The Effect of Green House Gases
The Transition Companies Green House Gases by Eleanor B. Jhonsons.
Earth, the only planet in our solar system or as far as evidence indicates the only planet in the whole Universe that supports life, was not like as we see it now since its beginning. Earth has been able to give a safe home to life because of its unique place in the solar system; it’s neither too close to the Sun nor too far away. As Earth is situated away from the Sun preventing it from being a hell of a warm place, there was the possibility that it may have been freezing cold for life to form and flourish here. But thanks to the greenhouse gases present in Earth’s atmosphere that play their role in keeping it warm enough.
Greenhouse gases are those gases residing in Earth’s atmosphere that absorb and emit radiation and thus, keep Earth warmer. The ‘Greenhouse Effect’ is the natural process through which these atmospheric constituents absorb sunlight. Sun, the only star in our Solar System, emits light that reaches Earth’s atmosphere. The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb the long wave radiation emitted by Sun which warms the atmosphere and these long wave radiations are emitted both upward and downward; the downward emission of radiation by atmosphere is called the ‘Greenhouse Effect’.
The greenhouse gases present in Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane and ozone. Water vapor is the most abundant gas and plays the lead role in warming earth causing 36-70% of ‘greenhouse effect’. Carbon dioxide contributes 9-26%, methane 4-9% while ozone’s share is about 3-7%. Some of the other greenhouse gases present in much smaller quantities are sulfur hexafluoride, hydro fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, per fluorocarbons and nitrous oxide. Two of the major components of Earth’s atmosphere, oxygen and nitrogen are thankfully not greenhouse gases otherwise earth’s atmosphere would have been far warmer than it is now.
Although, these greenhouse gases have been playing a major role in providing life on Earth the perfect temperature to survive, since the Industrial Revolution human activities have caused increase in quantity of green house gases in the atmosphere. More greenhouse gases will trap more and more heat from Sun giving rise to the Global Warming phenomenon. Rising temperatures can be potentially hazardous to all kinds of life forms on Earth and a major cause for rapid melting of glaciers which in turn will cause sea level to rise submerging many coastlines worldwide. Although, environmentalists are forcing the issue and many Governments are taking steps in the right direction, it is not the greenhouse gases but human intervention in nature that is to be blamed.
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The Transition Companies Green House Gases
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August 12 2009 | The Transition Companies | Comments Off
Climate Change from The Transition Companies Author: David
Now-a-days we listen Climate Change more often than before. Climate change is a global phenomenon and the term “Climate Change” is indeed a straightforward expression for such a complex subject. In fact, climate change has more than we can comprehend from this phrase and that is why it is quite essential to go at defining climate change in today’s scenario. In the present glossary of researchers and scientists, climate modification as a term is no longer in use and effect. The reason behind this is that we have come to realize the effect of the changes we make to our environment will eventually increase the temperature in many parts of the world, but at the same time will also be decrease in temperature for few parts of the planet. This however, creates a general imbalance in the climate of the world which in turn leads us to the phrase, “Climate Change.”
While wondering the effects of the climate change, the things you know of as climate modification is actually referred to as global a global phenomenon of climate change. However, with all the details and statistics we have in hand at present, we can definitely conclude that the world is unquestionably warming with the temperatures rising like never before. Climate change is a global problem with many natural disasters started taking shape; the general awareness of this factor is really low. For the better understanding of the issues associated with the climate change, we require a simple definition for climate change in relation to the warming of the planet. And this definition needs to be the one that brings us the essence of this problem without compromising the simplicities. However, the easiest and most precise definition is that climate change is the effect greenhouse gases have on the earth’s overall climate. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide and methane, but are not limited to these two.
While learning more about climate change, we need to understand few important facts associated with it. The first fact is that climate change is both a natural phenomena and one catalyzed by us. For instance, greenhouse gases are a natural part of the biosphere and would exist if man did not. In fact, these gases are a vital component to the existence of life on this planet. It is due to the existence of the greenhouse gases, the temperature on planet earth does not average zero degrees! These naturally occurring gases help to keep the temperature at a desirable 59 degrees. But, the climate change, which is due to the greenhouse gases, is not indeed natural. In fact, the problem we are facing is the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases act as thermal blankets for the atmosphere. The more gas in the atmosphere, the thicker the blanket and the less heat escapes from earth. In the last 80years, we have been releasing this gases into our atmosphere and thus helping them to form a blanket.
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August 11 2009 | Climate Change from The Transition Companies | Comments Off
The Impact of Climate Change from The Transition Companies By: Paul Hata
The planet was once protected with ancient forests; it has been a shelter to almost 50% of all the animals and plants confined in lands. Also, the worldwide population depends on them for survival.
The most diverse ecological units exist in these forests, and they serve essential help to our planet especially in matters regulating the climate. This is the very reason why deforestation and climate changes go hand in hand. Where deforestation is, climate alteration always follows.
Unfortunately, the forests that should be the world’s shield to the growing global warming are now under threat; almost 80% of the vast land areas all over the earth have been wiped out. Everything went by in a matter of 30 years, and the foundation is due to human doings such as destructive logging and agricultural land transformations. The fact that deforestation is the second cause to climate change should alert every human being in order to put to a stop to anything that may interrupt our normal ecosystem. If no moves would be done, further retaliation of nature would surely come to pass.
Major Carbon Storehouses
It is increasingly clear that our ancient forests play a crucial role in the regulation of world climate through carbon storage and water recycle back into the atmosphere. It is a fact that the green areas of the earth are regulators of climate, and destruction of that area means contributing to a climate change. Eighteen percent of all carbon emissions come from deforestation. Instead of the forest protecting us from disastrous effects, man made phenomenon make them our source of devastation instead.
Full grown forests are the greatest keepers of carbon dioxide. Other “keepers” include: the earth soil, the plant life, and the smallest and biggest trees. Some popular forests such that of Congo represent one of the planet’s enormous carbon sources on land, and destruction of it may cause more greenhouse gas to get trapped in the atmosphere.
The carbon is emitted from the green life through logging, burning and rotting. If these illegal activities happen frequently and continuously in all parts of the world, then the levels of carbon trapped in our environment is exceedingly augmented. Climate changes happen abruptly and changes in the world environment would slowly take place.
Deforestation and Its Effect On Climate Change
When deforestation is made, climate changes begin to progress over a period of time. The gradual modification in climate show insignificant numbers, but it affects the earth in great ways. The following are some examples of global changes after massive deforestation: temperature of global surface has increased to 1F, precipitation events happen around the world and in extreme cases, snow capped mountains have decreased in cover, sea levels have risen, and thawing of permafrost has slowly been happening over the years.
It is said that in a matter of 50 decades, the world may be in an irreversible state already. If things could be prevented now, then it is highly suggested that every human take part in preserving the world.
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August 10 2009 | The Impact of Climate Change from The Transition Companies | Comments Off
Thriving Plants Are The Best Greenhouse Effect
Thriving Plants from The Transition Companies By Mark Sheppler.
What do greenhouses, glasshouses, and hothouses have in common? They all refer to a facility that controls the environment where specific crops are to be planted and harvested. In countries where harsh weather and climate conditions are manifest, greenhouses have revolutionized the green industry. By use of such a facility, one is able to control certain factors such as heat, temperature, and the like; creating or extending a growing season.
The Benefits of Greenhouses
A greenhouse traps heat and saves it for future use. Being able to grow one kind of plant, say out of season flowering shrubs, regardless of the external weather conditions is the main benefit of having a greenhouse. This in turn leads to the practical benefit of making certain crops, fruits, and flowers available all year round regardless of the season and weather.
A greenhouse gives you more control over the conditions that affect your plants’ growth. It gives you the ability to predict with a certain degree of accuracy how much crop you will harvest, unless of course something goes wrong in any of the various aspects and processes involved in its operations.
Because of these benefits, an enterprising individual can actually supply out of season flowers and crops and thus gain more profits because of it. The predictable plant production of greenhouse also gives a businessman a better handle on his business economics.
Construction of the Greenhouse
The materials commonly used for greenhouses include plastic and glass. These are specially modified materials that allow heat storage. Heat can then be allocated for future use so that the greenhouse can be maintained at a specific temperature all-year-round. Moreover, these structures have little or no openings because the warm air might escape and a drop in the temperature may lead to unfavorable results.
Greenhouse Limitations
Greenhouses need to comply with certain engineering specifications; this requires special design/build skills and specialized materials. Moreover, greenhouses need a lot of maintenance. Unlike normal gardening, greenhouse conditions must be strictly controlled and monitored. There are various systems for heating, cooling, circulation irrigation, and pest control. There may be specialized equipment for seeding, transplanting and potting. A greenhouses production numbers depend largely on how well the owner or the greenhouse operator has been able to maintain it at its optimal working condition.
Greenhouse for Hobbyists
Despite the costs and efforts needed to maintain a greenhouse, there are still a number of gardening aficionados who choose to maintain such facilities. While most people put up greenhouses for business purposes, there are hobbyists who maintain greenhouses for the pleasure of starting their own plants from seeds and cuttings, or to grow loved plants that would not survive the local climate outdoors. Greenhouses also make it possible for these gardening hobbyists to attend to their plants anytime they wish to do so.
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July 19 2009 | Thriving Plants from The Transition Companies | Comments Off
The Transition Companies Mergers and Acquisitions
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and corporate restructuring are a big part of the corporate finance world. Every day, Wall Street investment bankers arrange M&A transactions, which bring separate companies together to form larger ones. When they’re not creating big companies from smaller ones, corporate finance deals do the reverse and break up companies through spinoffs, carve-outs or tracking stocks.
Not surprisingly, these actions often make the news. Deals can be worth hundreds of millions, or even billions, of dollars. They can dictate the fortunes of the companies involved for years to come. For a CEO, leading an M&A can represent the highlight of a whole career. And it is no wonder we hear about so many of these transactions; they happen all the time. Next time you flip open the newspaper’s business section, odds are good that at least one headline will announce some kind of M&A transaction.
Sure, M&A deals grab headlines, but what does this all mean to investors? To answer this question, this tutorial discusses the forces that drive companies to buy or merge with others, or to split-off or sell parts of their own businesses. Once you know the different ways in which these deals are executed, you’ll have a better idea of whether you should cheer or weep when a company you own buys another company - or is bought by one. You will also be aware of the tax consequences for companies and for investors.
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July 09 2009 | The Transition Companies Mergers and Acquisitions | Comments Off
The Transition Companies Synergy and Conglomeration
Sale of a company
Sale of a business
Estate Planning
Trust and Estate
Exit Planning
The Main Idea
One plus one makes three: this equation is the special alchemy of a merger or an acquisition. The key principle behind buying a company is to create shareholder value over and above that of the sum of the two companies. Two companies together are more valuable than two separate companies – at least, that’s the reasoning behind M&A.
This rationale is particularly alluring to companies when times are tough. Strong companies will act to buy other companies to create a more competitive, cost-efficient company. The companies will come together hoping to gain a greater market share or to achieve greater efficiency. Because of these potential benefits, target companies will often agree to be purchased when they know they cannot survive alone.
Distinction between Mergers and Acquisitions
Although they are often uttered in the same breath and used as though they were synonymous, the terms merger and acquisition mean slightly different things.
When one company takes over another and clearly established itself as the new owner, the purchase is called an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the target company ceases to exist, the buyer “swallows” the business and the buyer’s stock continues to be traded.
In the pure sense of the term, a merger happens when two firms, often of about the same size, agree to go forward as a single new company rather than remain separately owned and operated. This kind of action is more precisely referred to as a “merger of equals.” Both companies’ stocks are surrendered and new company stock is issued in its place. For example, both Daimler-Benz and Chrysler ceased to exist when the two firms merged, and a new company, DaimlerChrysler, was created.
In practice, however, actual mergers of equals don’t happen very often. Usually, one company will buy another and, as part of the deal’s terms, simply allow the acquired firm to proclaim that the action is a merger of equals, even if it’s technically an acquisition. Being bought out often carries negative connotations, therefore, by describing the deal as a merger, deal makers and top managers try to make the takeover more palatable.
A purchase deal will also be called a merger when both CEO’s agree that joining together is in the best interest of both of their companies. But when the deal is unfriendly – that is, when the target company does not want to be purchased – it is always regarded as an acquisition.
Whether a purchase is considered a merger or an acquisition really depends on whether the purchase is friendly or hostile and how it is announced. In other words, the real difference lies in how the purchase is communicated to and received by the target company’s board of director`s employees and shareholders.
Synergy
Synergy is the magic force that allows for enhanced cost efficiencies of the new business. Synergy takes the form of revenue enhancement and cost savings. By merging, the companies hope to benefit from the following:
- Staff reductions – As every employee knows, mergers tend to mean job losses. Consider all the money saved from reducing the number of staff members from accounting, marketing and other departments. Job cuts will also include the former CEO, who typically leaves with a compensation package.
- Economies of scale – Yes, size matters. Whether it’s purchasing stationery or a new corporate IT system, a bigger company placing the orders can save more on costs. Mergers also translate into improved purchasing power to buy equipment or office supplies – when placing larger orders, companies have a greater ability to negotiate prices with their suppliers.
- Acquiring new technology – To stay competitive, companies need to stay on top of technological developments and their business Applications. By buying a smaller company with unique technologies, a large company can maintain or develop a competitive edge.
- Improved market reach and industry visibility – Companies buy companies to reach new markets and grow revenues and earnings. A merge may expand two companies’ marketing and distribution, giving them new sales opportunities. A merger can also improve a company’s standing in the investment community: bigger firms often have an easier time raising capital than smaller ones.
That said, achieving synergy is easier said than done – it is not automatically realized once two companies merge. Sure, there ought to be economies of scale when two businesses are combined, but sometimes a merger does just the opposite. In many cases, one and one add up to less than two.
Sadly, synergy opportunities may exist only in the minds of the corporate leaders and the deal makers. Where there is no value to be created, the CEO and investment bankers – who have much to gain from a successful M&A deal – will try to create an image of enhanced value. The market, however, eventually sees through this and penalizes the company by assigning it a discounted share price. We’ll talk more about why M&A may fail in a later section of this tutorial.
Varieties of Mergers
From the perspective of business structures, there is a whole host of different mergers. Here are a few types, distinguished by the relationship between the two companies that are merging:
- Horizontal Merger- Two companies that are in direct competition and share the same product lines and markets.
- Vertical Compensation a customer and company or a supplier and company. Think of a cone supplier merging with an ice cream maker.
- Market-extension merger - Two companies that sell the same products in different markets.
- Product-extension merger - Two companies selling different but related products in the same market.
- Conglomeration - Two companies that have no common business areas.
There are two types of mergers that are distinguished by how the merger is financed. Each has certain implications for the companies involved and for investors:
· Purchase Mergers – As the name suggests, this kind of merger occurs when one company purchases another. The purchase is made with cash or through the issue of some kind of debt instrument the sale is taxable.
Acquiring companies often prefer this type of merger because it can provide them with a tax benefit. Acquired assets can be written-up to the actual purchase price, and the difference between the book value and the purchase price of the assets can depreciate annually, reducing taxes payable by the acquiring company. We will discuss this further in part four of this tutorial.
· Consolidation Mergers – With this merger, a brand new company is formed and both companies are bought and combined under the new entity. The tax terms are the same as those of a purchase merger.
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June 13 2009 | The Transition Companies Synergy | Comments Off
The Transition Companies Renames Business Optimization Practice Group
The Transition Companies renames its Consulting Services Group to the Business Optimization Practice Group.
The Transition Companies LLC (“TTC”) is pleased to announce the renaming of its Consulting Services Group to the Business Optimization Practice Group (BOPG”). The BOPG is tasked with analyzing and reviewing all aspects and facets of a privately-held company looking towards over all optimization of the entire business. Business Optimization has 2 goals in mind; first increasing current profits and earnings and secondly making changes and recommendations that will increase the value of the company when the day comes the owner is contemplating selling.
Business Optimization is comprehensive and delves into operations, finance and accounting, IT, Human Resources, sale and marketing. It’s not just a matter of reducing expense and increasing sales but increasing the value of the transferable asset….a privately-held company.
Gene Sartin CEO and President of TTC said “The market value of a company is driven by many factors including earnings, tangible assets and intangible assets. A very profitable company may not sell at its highest price. Our BOPG can identify and implement the changes early enough to assure optimal market value of a company.”
“In this economy especially, but in all economies, owners need to be concerned with increasing profits and the value of their company. Our Business Optimization Practice Group can provide executable strategies and the professionals to execute them” Said Al Pohoretsky, Executive Director of the BOPG.
The Transition Companies LLC is the pre-eminent professional services firm providing complete exit and M&A transition strategies for owners of privately-held companies seeking to maximize the proceeds from the sale of their companies. TTC also provides on-site Business Optimization Professionals that can increase a company’s earnings and/or the business enterprise value of the company prior to going to market.
Founded in 1988, The Transition Companies LLC is headquartered in Dallas, Texas with offices in New Jersey, California and Florida. TTC has over 100 Associates nationwide.
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May 19 2009 | The Transition Companies Renames | Comments Off
The Transition Companies Mergers & Acquisitions: Deal Structure
Structure Plays An Important Role for Sellers and Buyers
There is an old axiom that dictates that, while the seller determines the price of his or her company, the buyer sets the terms or “structure”. While sellers tend to prefer all cash for their companies, such a structure may not produce the highest overall value for the business and can limit the prospective buyer universe.
Depending on the specifics of the deal, a seller can use structure to:
· Defer taxes
· Participate in the future success of the business, and
· Maximize the purchase price from the sale of the company.
Buyers use structure as a way to:
· Manage cash flow
· Aid in the transition of an owner-dependent business
· Bridge the gap between buyer and seller value expectations, and
· Finance the transaction
Like price, deal structure is negotiable and can vary widely from one transaction to the next. The individual needs of sellers and buyers are considered in structuring each transaction in the most appealing manner to meet both parties’ objectives.
Deal “Type”… Not to be Confused with “Structure”
At the broadest level, deal type is the fundamental decision of whether the deal will be structured as a stock or an asset purchase.
Stock Purchase: In a stock purchase, the shares of the stock are transferred from seller to buyer and thereby the buyer assumes all assets, liabilities, contingent liabilities, and operations of the business, unless specifically excluded in the Stock Purchase Agreement.
Asset Purchase: Under this structure only the assets and liabilities specified in the Asset Purchase Agreement are transferred to the buyer, who must either create a new entity or use an existing entity to acquire the business.
Sellers generally prefer stock sales, which allow for an easier transition and usually entitle them to pay taxes on the sale at the lower capital gains rate. Buyers often prefer an asset purchase that identifies the exact assets acquired and liabilities assumed. This type of transaction creates a barrier of contingent liabilities flowing through from seller to buyer. In addition, an asset purchase may offer tax benefits to the buyer through a step-up in asset basis.
Sometimes deal structure is used in raising capital or growth capital.
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April 09 2009 | The Transition Companies Mergers | Comments Off
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